Ukufika kwale chip kwatshintsha indlela yophuhliso lwetshiphu!
Ngasekupheleni kwee-1970s, iiprosesa ze-8-bit zazisezezona teknoloji zihamba phambili ngelo xesha, kwaye iinkqubo ze-CMOS zazingekho kakuhle kwintsimi ye-semiconductor. Iinjineli kwi-AT&T Bell Labs zathatha inyathelo elibukhali kwixesha elizayo, ukudibanisa ukusika-i-3.5-micron yenkqubo yokuvelisa i-CMOS kunye ne-32-bit ye-architecture yeprosesa ye-32-bit kwiinzame zokugqithisa abakhuphisanayo ekusebenzeni kwe-chip, ukugqwesa i-IBM kunye ne-Intel.
Nangona ukuveliswa kwabo, i-Bellmac-32 microprocessor, ayizange iphumelele ukuphumelela kwezorhwebo kwiimveliso zangaphambili ezifana ne-Intel 4004 (ekhutshwe kwi-1971), impembelelo yayo yayinzulu. Namhlanje, iitshiphusi phantse kuzo zonke ii-smartphones, iilaptops, kunye neetafile zixhomekeke kwimigaqo ehambelanayo yentsimbi-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) eqaliswe yiBellmac-32.
Ii-1980s zazisondela, kwaye i-AT&T yayizama ukuziguqula. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, isigebenga sonxibelelwano esibizwa ngokuba “nguMama Bell” sasilawula ishishini lonxibelelwano ngelizwi eUnited States, kwaye i-subsidiary yeWestern Electric yavelisa phantse zonke iifowuni eziqhelekileyo kumakhaya aseMelika nakwiiofisi. Urhulumente wobumbano wase-US ukhuthaze ukuqhawuka kweshishini le-AT&T ngezizathu zokungathembeki, kodwa i-AT&T yabona ithuba lokungena kwindawo yekhompyuter.
Ngeenkampani zekhompyuter esele zisekwe kakuhle kwimarike, i-AT&T yafumanisa kunzima ukubamba; iqhinga layo yayikukutsiba isele, kwaye iBellmac-32 yaba yintlahlela yayo.
Usapho lwe-chip ye-Bellmac-32 iye yawongwa ngeMbasa yeMilestone ye-IEEE. Imisitho yokutyhilwa iya kubanjwa kulo nyaka kwikhampasi yakwaNokia Bell Labs eMurray Hill, eNew Jersey, nakwiMyuziyam yeMbali yeKhompyutha eMountain View, eCalifornia.
I-CHIP EYODWA
Kunokuba ulandele umgangatho weshishini we-8-bit chips, abaphathi be-AT&T bacele umngeni kwiinjineli zeBell Labs ukuba ziphuhlise imveliso yoguqulo: i-microprocessor yokuqala yorhwebo ekwaziyo ukuhambisa amasuntswana angama-32 edatha kumjikelo wewotshi enye. Oku akufuneki kuphela i-chip entsha kodwa kunye noyilo olutsha-olunokusingatha ukutshintshwa kwee-telecommunications kwaye lusebenze njengomqolo weenkqubo zekhompyutha zexesha elizayo.
“Asisakhi nje itshiphu ekhawulezayo,” utshilo uMichael Condry, okhokela iqela labayili beBell Labs 'Holmdel, eNew Jersey, kwiziko. "Sizama ukuyila i-chip enokuxhasa zombini ilizwi kunye nekhompyutha."
Ngelo xesha, itekhnoloji ye-CMOS yabonwa njengenye indlela ethembisayo kodwa eyingozi kwi-NMOS kunye noyilo lwe-PMOS. Iitshiphusi ze-NMOS zazixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwii-transistors zohlobo lwe-N, ezazikhawuleza kodwa zilambe amandla, ngelixa iitshiphusi ze-PMOS zazixhomekeke kwintshukumo yemingxuma echajiwe kakuhle, eyayicotha kakhulu. I-CMOS isebenzise uyilo oluxutyiweyo olonyusa isantya ngelixa igcina amandla. Izibonelelo zeCMOS zazinyanzele ukuba ishishini lakhawuleza laqonda ukuba nangona lifuna i-transistors ephindwe kabini (i-NMOS kunye ne-PMOS kwisango ngalinye), kwakufanelekile.
Ngophuhliso olukhawulezayo lwetekhnoloji ye-semiconductor echazwe nguMthetho kaMoore, iindleko zokuphindaphindeka koxinzelelo lwe-transistor ziye zalawuleka kwaye ekugqibeleni zangabalulekanga. Nangona kunjalo, xa iBell Labs iqalisa lo mdlalo wokungcakaza unobungozi obukhulu, itekhnoloji enkulu yokwenza iCMOS ayizange ingqinwe kwaye ixabiso laliphezulu.
Oku akuzange kuyoyikise i-Bell Labs. Inkampani yathatha ubuchule beekhampasi zayo eHolmdel, eMurray Hill, naseNaperville, e-Illinois, kwaye yahlanganisa "iqela lamaphupha" leenjineli zesemiconductor. Iqela libandakanya uCondrey, uSteve Conn, inkwenkwezi ekhulayo kuyilo lwetshiphu, uVictor Huang, omnye umyili wemicroprocessor, kunye nabasebenzi abaninzi abavela kwi-AT&T Bell Labs. Baqala ukuqonda inkqubo entsha yeCMOS ngo-1978 kwaye bakha i-32-bit microprocessor ukusuka ekuqaleni.
Qala ngoyilo loyilo
UCondrey wayesakuba nguMntu we-IEEE kwaye kamva wasebenza njengeGosa eliPhezulu leTekhnoloji ye-Intel. Iqela lezokwakha awayelikhokela lizibophelele ekwakhiweni kwenkqubo exhasa inkqubo yokusebenza ye-Unix kunye nolwimi lwe-C. Ngeli xesha, zombini i-Unix kunye nolwimi lwe-C zazisebancinci, kodwa zazimiselwe ukuba zilawule. Ukuze ugqithe kumda wememori oxabiseke kakhulu weekhilobhayithi (KB) ngelo xesha, baye bazisa iseti yemiyalelo entsonkothileyo efuna amanyathelo okwenziwa ambalwa kwaye inokugqiba imisebenzi kumjikelo wewotshi enye.
Iinjineli ziphinde zenze iitshiphusi ezixhasa i-VersaModule Eurocard (VME) ibhasi ehambelanayo, eyenza ukuba i-computing isasazwe kwaye ivumela ii-nodes ezininzi ukuba ziqhube idatha ngokufana. Iitshiphusi ezihambelana ne-VME zikwavumela ukuba zisetyenziswe kulawulo lwexesha lokwenyani.
Iqela libhale inguqulelo yalo ye-Unix kwaye yanika amandla exesha langempela ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana ne-industrial automation kunye nezicelo ezifanayo. Iinjineli zeBell Labs ziphinde zayila i-domino logic, eyandisa isantya sokusebenza ngokunciphisa ukulibaziseka kumasango engqiqo.
Uvavanyo olongezelelweyo kunye neendlela zokuqinisekisa zaphuhliswa kwaye zaziswa kunye nemodyuli yeBellmac-32, iprojekthi enzima yokuqinisekisa i-chip kunye neprojekthi yovavanyo ekhokelwa nguJen-Hsun Huang ephumelele i-zero okanye i-zero defects kwi-complex chip production. Olu yayiluvavanyo lokuqala kwihlabathi lovavanyo olukhulu kakhulu oluhlanganisiweyo lwesekethe (VLSI). Iinjineli zeBell Labs ziphuhlise isicwangciso esicwangcisiweyo, zajonga ngokuphindaphindiweyo umsebenzi woogxa babo, kwaye ekugqibeleni zafumana intsebenziswano engenamthungo kwiintsapho ezininzi ze-chip, zafikelela kwinkqubo epheleleyo yemicrocomputer.
Okulandelayo kuza eyona nxalenye ingumngeni: eyona mveliso yetshiphu.
"Ngelo xesha, ukucwangciswa, uvavanyo, kunye nokuveliswa kweteknoloji ephezulu yayinqabile," ukhumbula uKang, owathi kamva waba ngumongameli weKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) kunye nomnye we-IEEE. Uphawula ukuba ukungabikho kwezixhobo ze-CAD zokuqinisekiswa kwe-chip epheleleyo kunyanzelise iqela ukuba liprinte imizobo yeCalcomp. Ezi schematics zibonisa indlela iitransistors, iingcingo, kunye noqhagamshelo kufuneka zicwangciswe ngaphakathi kwetshiphu ukunika imveliso oyifunayo. Iqela libahlanganisele phantsi ngeteyiphu, lenza umzobo omkhulu wesikwere ngaphezu kweemitha ezi-6 kwicala. U-Kang kunye noogxa bakhe bazoba isekethe nganye ngeepensile ezinemibala, bekhangela uqhagamshelo olwaphukileyo kunye nokunxibelelana okungaphezulu okanye okungaphathwanga kakuhle.
Emva kokuba uyilo lomzimba lugqityiwe, iqela lajongana nomnye umngeni: ukuvelisa. Iichips zaveliswa kwiplanti yoMbane yaseNtshona e-Allentown, ePennsylvania, kodwa uKang ukhumbula ukuba izinga lesivuno (ipesenti yeetships kwi-wafer edibene nokusebenza kunye nemigangatho yomgangatho) yayiphantsi kakhulu.
Ukuhlangabezana noku, uKang kunye noogxa bakhe baqhubela kwisityalo besuka eNew Jersey yonke imihla, basonga imikhono yabo kwaye benza nantoni na eyimfuneko, kubandakanya ukutshayela imigangatho kunye nokulinganisa izixhobo zovavanyo, ukwakha ubuhlobo kunye nokuqinisekisa wonke umntu ukuba eyona mveliso intsonkothileyo esikhe sazama ukuyivelisa inokwenziwa apho.
"Inkqubo yokwakha iqela ihambe kakuhle," utshilo uKang. "Emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa, uMbane waseNtshona wakwazi ukuvelisa iichips ezikumgangatho ophezulu ngobungakanani obugqithise kwimfuno."
Inguqulelo yokuqala yeBellmac-32 yakhululwa ngo-1980, kodwa ayizange ikwazi ukuphila ngokwezinto ebezilindelwe. Isantya sokusebenza kwayo sasiyi-2 MHz kuphela, hayi i-4 MHz. Iinjineli zafumanisa ukuba izixhobo zokuvavanya ze-Takeda Riken ze-state-of-art ababezisebenzisa ngelo xesha zazingalunganga, kunye neziphumo zomgca wokudlulisa phakathi kwe-probe kunye nentloko yovavanyo ebangela imilinganiselo engachanekanga. Basebenze kunye neqela le-Takeda Riken ukuphuhlisa itafile yokulungisa ukulungisa iimpazamo zokulinganisa.
Iitshiphusi zeBellmac zesizukulwana sesibini zinezantya zewotshi ezidlula i-6.2 MHz, ngamanye amaxesha zide zibe phezulu njenge-9 MHz. Oku kwakujongwa ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ngelo xesha. Iprosesa ye-16-bit ye-Intel 8088 eyakhutshwa yi-IBM kwi-PC yayo yokuqala ngo-1981 yayinesantya sewotshi ye-4.77 MHz kuphela.
Kutheni iBellmac-32 ingazange't ibe yesiqhelo
Ngaphandle kwesithembiso sayo, itekhnoloji yeBellmac-32 ayizange ifumane ukwamkelwa kwezorhwebo ngokubanzi. NgokukaCondrey, i-AT&T yaqala ukujonga umenzi wezixhobo ze-NCR ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1980 kwaye kamva yajika ekuthengeni, okuthetha ukuba inkampani yakhetha ukuxhasa imigca eyahlukeneyo yemveliso yechip. Ngelo xesha, impembelelo yeBellmac-32 yayisele iqalile ukukhula.
“Phambi kweBellmac-32, i-NMOS yayilawula imarike,” utshilo uCondry. "Kodwa i-CMOS itshintshe imbonakalo yomhlaba kuba ibonakalise ukuba yeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokuyiphumeza kwilaphu."
Ngokuhamba kwexesha, oku kuqonda kwatshintsha ishishini le-semiconductor. I-CMOS iya kuba sisiseko se-microprocessors zangoku, ukunika amandla inguqu yedijithali kwizixhobo ezinjengeekhompyuter zedesktop kunye nee-smartphones.
Uvavanyo olukhaliphile lweBell Labs-ukusebenzisa inkqubo yokuvelisa engavavanywanga kwaye ithatha isizukulwana sonke soyilo lwetshiphu-yayiyimbalasane kwimbali yetekhnoloji.
Kunjengokuba uNjingalwazi uKang ekubeka oku: “Sasingahamba phambili koko kwakunokwenzeka. Unjingalwazi uHuang, owathi kamva waba ngusekela mlawuli weZiko laseSingapore leMicroelectronics kwaye ukwanguMntu we-IEEE, wongeza wathi: “Oku akubandakanyi ulwakhiwo lwe-chip kuphela kunye noyilo, kodwa kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwe-chip enkulu - usebenzisa i-CAD kodwa ngaphandle kwezixhobo zanamhlanje zokulinganisa okanye iibhodi zesonka (indlela esemgangathweni yokujonga uyilo lwesekethe yenkqubo yombane usebenzisa iitshiphusi ezidityanisiweyo ngokusisigxina).
UCondry, uKang noHuang bajonga ngasemva ngelo xesha ngobubele kwaye bavakalise ukuncoma ubuchule kunye nokuzinikela kwabasebenzi abaninzi be-AT&T abamizamo yabo yenze ukuba usapho lwe-chip yeBellmac-32 lwenzeke.
Ixesha lokuposa: May-19-2025