Ukufika kwale chip kwatshintsha indlela yophuhliso lwe chip!
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1970, iiprosesa ze-8-bit zaziseseyona teknoloji iphambili ngelo xesha, kwaye iinkqubo ze-CMOS zazikwimeko embi kwicandelo le-semiconductor. Iinjineli kwi-AT&T Bell Labs zathatha inyathelo elinesibindi kwixesha elizayo, zidibanisa iinkqubo zokuvelisa ze-CMOS ze-3.5-micron ezisemgangathweni ophezulu kunye noyilo olutsha lweprosesa ye-32-bit kumzamo wokuphumelela ngakumbi kukhuphiswano ekusebenzeni kweetshiphusi, zidlula i-IBM kunye ne-Intel.
Nangona ukuyila kwabo, i-Bellmac-32 microprocessor, kungaphumeleli ukufezekisa impumelelo yorhwebo lweemveliso zangaphambili ezifana ne-Intel 4004 (eyakhutshwa ngo-1971), impembelelo yayo yayinzulu. Namhlanje, iitships phantse kuzo zonke ii-smartphones, iilaptops, kunye neetablets zixhomekeke kwimigaqo ye-complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) eyaqalwa yiBellmac-32.
Iminyaka yoo-1980 yayisondela, kwaye i-AT&T yayizama ukuziguqula. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, inkampani enkulu yonxibelelwano eyayibizwa ngokuba yi-"Mother Bell" yayilawula ishishini lonxibelelwano lwelizwi eMelika, kwaye inkampani yayo engaphantsi kweWestern Electric yayivelisa phantse zonke iifowuni eziqhelekileyo emakhayeni nakwiiofisi zaseMelika. Urhulumente wobumbano wase-US ukhuthaze ukuba ishishini le-AT&T liqhekeke ngenxa yezizathu zokungathembeki, kodwa i-AT&T yabona ithuba lokungena kwicandelo leekhompyutha.
Njengoko iinkampani zekhompyutha sele zizinzile kwimarike, i-AT&T ifumene kunzima ukufikelela kuzo; icebo layo yayikukutsiba, kwaye iBellmac-32 yayiyisiqalo sayo.
Usapho lweBellmac-32 chip luwongwe ngeMbasa ye-IEEE Milestone. Imisitho yokuvulwa kwayo iza kubanjelwa kulo nyaka kwikhampasi yeNokia Bell Labs eMurray Hill, eNew Jersey, nakwiMyuziyam yeMbali yeKhompyutha eMountain View, eCalifornia.
ITSHIPI EYODWA
Endaweni yokulandela umgangatho weshishini weetships ze-8-bit, abaphathi be-AT&T bacel’ umngeni iinjineli zeBell Labs ukuba ziphuhlise imveliso entsha: i-microprocessor yokuqala yorhwebo ekwaziyo ukudlulisa iibhiti ezingama-32 zedatha kumjikelo wewotshi enye. Oku akufuneki nje kuphela itship entsha kodwa kwanoyilo olutsha—olo lunokusingatha utshintsho lonxibelelwano kwaye lusebenze njengomqolo weenkqubo zekhompyutha zexesha elizayo.
“Asikhi nje itshiphu ekhawulezayo,” utshilo uMichael Condry, okhokela iqela loyilo lwezakhiwo kwiziko laseBell Labs eHolmdel, eNew Jersey. “Sizama ukuyila itshiphu enokuxhasa zombini ilizwi kunye nokubala.”
Ngelo xesha, ubuchwepheshe beCMOS babubonwa njengendlela ethembisayo kodwa enobungozi kunoyilo lweNMOS kunye nePMOS. Iitships zeNMOS zazixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwiitransistors zohlobo lwe-N, ezazikhawuleza kodwa zifuna amandla, ngelixa iitships zePMOS zazixhomekeke ekushukumeni kwemingxunya etshajiweyo kakuhle, eyayicotha kakhulu. I-CMOS yasebenzisa uyilo oluxutyiweyo olwandisa isantya ngelixa igcina amandla. Iingenelo zeCMOS zazinomtsalane kangangokuba ishishini lakhawuleza laqonda ukuba nokuba lifuna iitransistors eziphindwe kabini (i-NMOS kunye nePMOS kwisango ngalinye), yayifanelekile.
Ngenxa yophuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwetekhnoloji ye-semiconductor echazwe yiMoore's Law, iindleko zoxinzelelo lwe-transistor oluphindwe kabini zaba lula kwaye ekugqibeleni azibalulekanga. Nangona kunjalo, xa iBell Labs yaqalisa olu ngcakazo lunobungozi obukhulu, itekhnoloji enkulu yokuvelisa i-CMOS yayingaqinisekiswanga kwaye ixabiso laliphezulu.
Oku akuzange koyikise iBell Labs. Le nkampani yasebenzisa ubuchule beekhampasi zayo eHolmdel, eMurray Hill, naseNaperville, e-Illinois, yaza yaqokelela "iqela lamaphupha" leenjineli ze-semiconductor. Eli qela laliquka uCondrey, uSteve Conn, inkwenkwezi ekhulayo kuyilo lweetships, uVictor Huang, omnye umyili we-microprocessor, kunye nabasebenzi abaninzi abavela kwi-AT&T Bell Labs. Baqala ukuqonda inkqubo entsha ye-CMOS ngo-1978 baza bakha i-microprocessor engama-32-bit ukusuka ekuqaleni.
Qala ngoyilo lwezakhiwo
UCondrey wayesakuba yi-IEEE Fellow waza kamva wasebenza njengeGosa eliyiNtloko leTekhnoloji ye-Intel. Iqela loyilo awayelikhokela lalizimisele ukwakha inkqubo eyayixhasa inkqubo yokusebenza ye-Unix kunye nolwimi lwe-C. Ngelo xesha, zombini i-Unix kunye nolwimi lwe-C zazisesezintsha, kodwa zazimiselwe ukuba zilawule. Ukuze badlule kumda wememori obaluleke kakhulu wee-kilobytes (KB) ngelo xesha, bazisa iseti yemiyalelo enzima eyayifuna amanyathelo ambalwa okuphumeza kwaye yayinokugqiba imisebenzi ngaphakathi komjikelo omnye wewotshi.
Iinjineli zikwayile iitships ezixhasa iVersaModule Eurocard (VME) parallel bus, evumela ukubalwa kweenkcukacha ezisasazwe kwaye ivumela ii-nodes ezininzi ukuba zicubungule idatha ngaxeshanye. Iitships ezihambelana neVME zikwavumela ukuba zisetyenziswe kulawulo lwexesha langempela.
Iqela libhale inguqulelo yalo ye-Unix laza layinika amandla okusebenza ngexesha langempela ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana ne-automation yemizi-mveliso kunye nezicelo ezifanayo. Iinjineli zeBell Labs nazo zasungula i-domino logic, eyandisa isantya sokucubungula ngokunciphisa ukulibaziseka kwiingcango ze-logic ezintsonkothileyo.
Iindlela ezongezelelweyo zovavanyo nokuqinisekisa zaphuhliswa zaza zaziswa ngeBellmac-32 module, iprojekthi enzima yokuqinisekisa nokuvavanya ii-chip ezininzi ekhokelwa nguJen-Hsun Huang eyafumana iziphene ezingenanto okanye eziphantse zibe yi-zero kwimveliso yee-chip ezintsonkothileyo. Olu yayiluvavanyo lokuqala kwihlabathi lovavanyo olukhulu kakhulu lwesekethe edibeneyo (VLSI). Iinjineli zeBell Labs zaphuhlisa isicwangciso esicwangcisiweyo, zajonga ngokuphindaphindiweyo umsebenzi woogxa bazo, kwaye ekugqibeleni zafumana intsebenziswano engenamthungo kwiintsapho ezininzi zee-chip, zaphelela kwinkqubo epheleleyo ye-microcomputer.
Okulandelayo kuza eyona nxalenye inzima kakhulu: ukwenziwa kwetshiphusi.
“Ngelo xesha, uyilo, uvavanyo, kunye nobuchwepheshe bokuvelisa obuvelisa isivuno esikhulu babunqabile kakhulu,” ukhumbula uKang, owathi kamva waba ngumongameli weKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) kunye nomnye we-IEEE. Uphawula ukuba ukunqongophala kwezixhobo zeCAD zokuqinisekisa i-full-chip kwanyanzela iqela ukuba liprinte imizobo emikhulu yeCalcomp. Ezi zicwangciso zibonisa indlela ii-transistors, iingcingo, kunye nee-interconnects ekufuneka zicwangciswe ngayo ngaphakathi kwe-chip ukuze zinike imveliso efunekayo. Iqela lazihlanganisa phantsi ngeteyipu, zenza isikwere esikhulu esizoba ngaphezu kweemitha ezi-6 ecaleni. UKang kunye noogxa bakhe bazoba isekethe nganye ngesandla ngeepensele ezinemibala, bekhangela uqhagamshelo oluphukileyo kunye nee-interconnects ezihambelanayo okanye eziphathwe ngendlela engafanelekanga.
Nje ukuba uyilo olubonakalayo lugqityiwe, iqela lajongana nomnye umngeni: ukwenziwa kweetships. Ezi chips zaveliswa kwisityalo iWestern Electric e-Allentown, ePennsylvania, kodwa uKang ukhumbula ukuba izinga lemveliso (ipesenti yeetships kwi-wafer ehlangabezana nemigangatho yokusebenza kunye nomgangatho) yayiphantsi kakhulu.
Ukuze kulungiswe oku, uKang kunye noogxa bakhe babesiya kwisityalo besuka eNew Jersey yonke imihla, besonga imikhono yabo kwaye benza nantoni na efunekayo, kuquka ukutshayela imigangatho kunye nezixhobo zokuvavanya, ukwakha ubuhlobo nokuqinisekisa wonke umntu ukuba eyona mveliso inzima kakhulu isityalo esakha sazama ukuyivelisa inokwenziwa apho.
“Inkqubo yokwakha iqela ihambe kakuhle,” utshilo uKang. “Emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa, iWestern Electric yakwazi ukuvelisa iitships ezikumgangatho ophezulu ngobuninzi obungaphezulu kwemfuno.”
Inguqulelo yokuqala yeBellmac-32 yakhutshwa ngo-1980, kodwa ayizange ikwazi ukuhlangabezana nolindelo. Ubungakanani bayo bokusebenza yayingama-2 MHz kuphela, hayi ama-4 MHz. Iinjineli zafumanisa ukuba izixhobo zovavanyo zeTakeda Riken zanamhlanje ezazisetyenziswa ngelo xesha zazineziphene, kunye nemiphumo yomgca wokudlulisela phakathi kweprobe kunye nentloko yovavanyo ebangela imilinganiselo engachanekanga. Basebenzisana neqela leTakeda Riken ukwenza itheyibhile yokulungisa iimpazamo zokulinganisa.
Iitships zesizukulwana sesibini seBellmac zazinesantya sewotshi esidlula i-6.2 MHz, ngamanye amaxesha sifikelela kwi-9 MHz. Oku kwakujongwa njengokukhawulezileyo ngelo xesha. Iprosesa ye-Intel 8088 ye-16-bit eyakhutshwa yi-IBM kwiPC yayo yokuqala ngo-1981 yayinesantya sewotshi se-4.77 MHz kuphela.
Kutheni iBellmac-32 ingazange't ibe yinto eqhelekileyo
Nangona yayithembisa, iteknoloji yeBellmac-32 ayizange ifumane ukwamkelwa ngokubanzi kwezorhwebo. Ngokutsho kukaCondrey, i-AT&T yaqala ukujonga umenzi wezixhobo ze-NCR ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1980 yaza kamva yaguqukela ekuthengweni, nto leyo ethetha ukuba inkampani yakhetha ukuxhasa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeemveliso zeetships. Ngelo xesha, impembelelo yeBellmac-32 yayisele iqalile ukukhula.
“Ngaphambi kweBellmac-32, i-NMOS yayilawula imarike,” utshilo uCondry. “Kodwa i-CMOS yatshintsha imeko kuba yabonakala iyindlela esebenzayo yokuyisebenzisa ngendlela entle.”
Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oku kwayitshintsha indlela esebenza ngayo imboni ye-semiconductor. I-CMOS yayiza kuba sisiseko see-microprocessors zanamhlanje, inika amandla utshintsho lwedijithali kwizixhobo ezifana neekhompyutha zedesktop kunye nee-smartphones.
Uvavanyo lweBell Labs olunesibindi—ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yokuvelisa engavavanywanga kwaye lugubungela isizukulwana sonke soyilo lweetships—lwaluyimbali ebalulekileyo kwimbali yetekhnoloji.
Njengoko uNjingalwazi uKang esitsho: “Besiphambili kwinto ebinokwenzeka. Besingalandeli nje indlela ekhoyo, besiqala indlela entsha.” UNjingalwazi uHuang, owathi kamva waba lisekela-mlawuli weSingapore Institute of Microelectronics kwaye ekwanguMfundi we-IEEE, wongeza athi: “Oku akubandakanyi nje kuphela uyilo kunye noyilo lweetshiphusi, kodwa kwanokuqinisekiswa kweetshiphusi ezinkulu – kusetyenziswa i-CAD kodwa ngaphandle kwezixhobo zokulinganisa zedijithali zanamhlanje okanye neebhodi zesonka (indlela eqhelekileyo yokujonga uyilo lwesekethe yenkqubo ye-elektroniki esebenzisa iitshiphusi ngaphambi kokuba izinto zesekethe ziqhagamshelwe kunye ngokusisigxina).”
UCondry, uKang kunye noHuang bakhumbula elo xesha ngobubele kwaye bavakalisa uxabiso ngesakhono nokuzinikela kwabasebenzi abaninzi be-AT&T abazama ukwenza usapho lweetships zeBellmac-32 lube nokwenzeka.
Ixesha leposi: Meyi-19-2025